Coverage of Local Development Issues in Regional Newspaper of Chattogram
Coverage of Local Development
Issues
in Regional Newspaper of Chattogram
Project Report
Submitted to the Port Coty International University,
Chattogram
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
MASTER OF SOCIAL SCIENCE
By
Siddiqe Ahmed Azad
ID: MJR 015 05 003
DEPARTMENT OF JOURNALISM AND MEDIA
STUDIES
© PORT
CITY INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
CHATTOGRAM – 4225
December 2018
Master’s Project on
“Coverage of Local Development Issues in Regional Newspaper
of Chattogram”
SUBMITTED TO
Ms. Dilruba Akter
Lecturer
Department of
Journalism and Media Studies
Port City International University
SUBMITTED BY:
Siddiqe Ahmed Azad
ID # MJR 015005003
Department of
Journalism and Media Studies
DATE
OF SUBMISSION:
December,
2018
Title of Project : Coverage of Local Development Issues in Regional
Newspaper of Chattogram.
Name of the
student : Siddiqe Ahmed Azad
ID No. : MJR 01505003
Name of
Designation of : Ms. Dilruba Akter
Supervisor Lecturer
Port
City International University
Chattogram
– 4225
Degree to be
awarded : Master of Social Science
Year of awarded of
degree : 2018
Total pages of
project report : 71
Name of Program : Broadcast & Print Journalism
Name of department
: Journalism & Media Studies
Name of University : Port City International University
Chattogram
– 4225, Bangladesh
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I do hereby
declare that I am the sole author of this project. I also declare that this project
work has not been submitted anywhere for the purpose of any degree or diploma
or for publication.
I do authorize the
Port City International University (PCIU) to lend this project is the outcome
of the investigation performed by me under the supervision of Ms. Dilruba
Akter, Lecturer, Department of Journalism and Media Studies, Port City
International University, South Khulshi, Chattogram, Bangladesh. I also declare
that no part of this project and therefore has been or is being submitted
elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.
Siddiqe
Ahemd Azad
Master’s, Match- 1st
ID-MJR 01505003
Department of Journalism and Media Studies
Port City International University
Chattogram -4225
Copyright © 2018 Port City International University
All rights reserved
Port City International University
R E C O M A N D A
T I O N
TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN
This is to recommends
report entitled, “Coverage of Local
Development Issues in Regional Newspapers of Chattogram” submitted for the
degree of MJR. in the subject of Journalism and Media Studies of the
Port City International University, Chattogram is a bonafide research work
carried out by Siddiqe Ahmed Azad ID:
MJR01505003 under my supervision and that no part of this project has been
submitted for other degree.
The assignment and help
received during the course of research work have been fully acknowledged.
(Dilruba Akter)
Project Supervisor
Lecturer
Department
of Journalism and Media Studies
Port
City International University (PCIU)
ACNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I bow my
head before the Almighty for His encouragement and blessing that He has
bestowed upon me.
I express my gratitude
towards my supervisor, Ms. Dilruba Akter, Lecturer, Department of Journalism
and Media Studies, for her guidance and support at each and every step of this
research project and for its successful completion.
I am grateful to coordinator
of the department of Journalism and Media Studies Professor Dr. Mohammed
Shahidullah, Professor, Department of Communication and Journalism, University
of Chittagong, Mr. Jewel Das, Chairman, Department of Journalism and Media
Studies, Port City International University, Chattogram, for their valuable
suggestions and expert guidance.
Word are inadequate to
express my heartfelt gratitude and deep affection for my parents, friend and
department junior who have helped me a lot in the successful completion of this
research project. I thank them for their support and concern for welfare and
happiness.
Place:
Chattogram (Siddiqe
Ahmed Azad)
Date:
08.12.2018 (MJR015005003)
DEDICATION
Project is dedicated to
My Beloved Parents
Al-hajj Md. Nurun
Nabi & Husne Ara Begum
&
My Niece Rehnuma
Nowrin Iqra
&
My Honorable
Teachers
ABBREVIATIONS
mdif :
Media Development Investment
Fund
(fo) : Number of frequencies
(fe) : Length of frequencies
Dainik
: Daily
DN : Development News
NDN : Non-Development News
DJ : Development Journalism
DC : Rural Development
PCIU : Port City International University
MJR : Master of Journalism
LD : Local Development.
LDN : Local Development news.
ABSTRACT
Mass
Media, an important medium of local development, can transfer knowledge and
skill about latest information by making one part of a country aware of other
parts, their people, arts, customs, and politics. Newspapers are enduring and
very popular print media organ. Development news covering a wide range of
subject areas, assessing all stages to changes in the field of social,
cultural, political, economic and technological areas are crucial for their
quest to lead a successful and high-quality life. This study based on secondary
data gathered from The Daily Azadi and The Daily Purbokone newspapers for the
year of 2018. It is aimed at evaluating how selected publications covered
development issues during the selected period. According to the study the
variety that The Dainik Azadi provides through coverage of several development
news cannot be overlooked. Infrastructural, health, business, tourism and environmental
news – total 32 item development were covered by The Dainik Azadi. Counted
analysis has been carried out issues the study.
This
categorization in the present study I found that the infrastructural news got
highest coverage among local developments issues (37.5%) covered by Dainik
Azadi. Than business the second highest coverage (21.88%) of this Daily. Latter
tourism (15.63%) and environment (6.25%) also the third and the fourth in
parallelly of the development of Dainik Azadi. This newspaper can’t coverage on
health item of development issue.
On
the other hand, I found that the infrastructural news got highest coverage
among local developments issues covered by Dainik Purbokone. It covered 26.47%
of total coverage of development news. Than the second highest coverage is
business (14.70%). Than health and tourism (11.76%) issues got third position
in jointly. Latter Tourism (11.76%) is fourth and Environment (8.82%) fifth
stage coverage of the development items of Dainik Purbokone.
Surprisingly,
it was seen, that the non-development news is quite higher in percentage than development
news items and the statistical analysis showing the difference is significant
enough. Although two daily newspapers have no direct control or not advocated
over the development news item, development news draws our attention because Dainik
Purbokone publishes a separate supplement specially on development news item on
their anniversary on February 10-12, which are advocated and guidance and it is
expected that the amount of developmental news will be greater than or at least
equal in amount as predicted in our hypothesis.
Keywords: Mass Media,
Coverage, Development news, Local development issues, Chattogram, Newspaper of
Chattogram.
Table of Contents
Statement
of the author.....................................................................................................
Chapter
1: Introduction:
Chapter
2: Background of the study
2.1 Chattogram
Chapter
3: Literature review
3.6 Development
3.11 Governance Impact:
3.12 Economic Impact:
3.13 Social Impact:
Chapter 4: Research
Objectives
Chapter 5: Research
Question / hypothesis
Chapter 6: Significance
of Study
Chapter 7: Research
Design
7.1 Methodology
7.4 Instrumentation
7.6 Data Analysis
7.7.1. Local Development
.........................................................................................
32
7.10 Credibility rating
Chapter 8: Findings
and Discussion
8.1 Findings
8.2 Discussion
Chapter 9: Conclusion
9.1 Conclusion
9.4 Acknowledgement
Chapter 10: Time & Budget
10.1 Time
10.2 Budget
List of Tables
Table 1: Table 1: Profile
of selected newspapers................................................................
7
Table 2: Profile of the Dainik Azadi and
Dainik Purbokone at every edition.................. 33
Table 3: Categories of news
Coverage in The Dainik Azadi & Dainik Purbokone..........
34
Table 4: Percentage of
development and nondevelopment news...................................... 35
Table 5: Treatment of development news in both
newspaper........................................... 38
Table 6: Total cost of
the research....................................................................................
44
List of Figures
Figure 1: Number of items
published in The Dainik Azadi & Dainik Purbokone........... 35
Figure 2: Covering Local Development issues by
The Dainik Azadi.............................. 36
Figure 3: Covering Development news by The
Dainik Purbokone.................................. 37
Figure
4: Categories of Local Development issues in Dainik Azadi...............................
37
Figure 5: Categories of Local Development
issues in Dainik Purbokone........................ 38
Figure
6: Treatment
of Development news categorically in both front and back page of Azadi.................................................................................................................................
39
Figure
6: Treatment
of Development news in both front and back page of Purbokone..........................................................................................................................
40
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Local news media plays a vital role for the development
in various area. Local media means a news organization, from legacy players
such as newspapers and Television and radio stations to emerge actors such as
hyperlocal news websites, have a distinctive ability to connect and empower
their audiences through informing them about their communities and equipping
them with the information they need to become active participants (Harte, 2017). Local
newspapers should have specific areas, it is in particular, have long occupied
dominant positions in their media environments, facing little competition – for
readers or advertisers – and in many cases offering information not available
anywhere else (Nielsen,
2015).
These days’ people are spending their
leisure time on media. Media are the channels which are used to convey
information, entertainment, news, education, or promotional messages are
disseminated (Joshi, 2017). It is the communication channels through which
news, entertainment, education, data or information, promotional messages.
Media comprises all broadcasting and narrowcasting medium such as television,
radio, newspapers, billboards, mails, telephone, fax, internet etc. Media is
the plural of medium and can take a plural or singular verb, depending on the
sense intended. In other words, media is the collective communication outlets
or tools that are used to store and deliver information or data to a large
number of people. It is either associated with communication media or specialized
mass media. Mass media means technology that is intended to reach a mass
audience. It is the primary means of communication used to reach vast majority
of the general public. The general public typically relies on the mass media to
provide information regarding political issues, social issues, entertainment
and news in pop culture.
The media affect us in many ways: as
a major socializing influence, a carrier of culture, a source of information,
education, entertainment, a key player in political communication and
participatory democracy and a communicator of ideological values, norms,
attributes and beliefs (Dennis and Merill 1999). The indispensability of the
media is incontestable going by the plethora of responsibilities placed on the
media by the constitutions of various democratic societies. The media as the
fourth estate of the realm saddled with the responsibility of upholding and
advancing democratic ideals because the press from the classical liberal theory
views the press as a defender of public interests and watchdog on the workings
of government. Since then, journalism is seen as truly an estate of the realm,
more articulate and more powerful than other estates (Franklin, Hammer, Henna,
Kinsley & Richardson (2005). Interestingly enough, if the press is allowed
to perform its primary function unhindered that is, free of censorship, the
press will obviously perform maximally in informing the public on issues
considered critical and germane to societal development; articulate public
opinion objectively guide and act as a check on government and individual. The
slogan- the media as the fourth estate of the realm is what links the press to
the society though an “ideological resonance’ Franklin et al, 2005 conclude.
The media equally represent and
construct conceptions of what constitutes a successful and valued life; along
with what is considered to be deficient, deviant, marginalized or undesirable.
In a way, the media exert influence on identity and character formation as well
as defining who we are including other issues which have to do with stigma,
self-esteem, social relations, economic and political positions. (Wimmer and
Dominic, 2005).
Similarly, talking about the power of
the press (media), Dennis and Merrill (1999:4) clearly assert that “the media
are quite powerful.” Without contradiction, Dennis obviously considered and
agreed with the hypodermic needle model of media effects where the media
infected the minds of individuals directly with powerful messages. In a way,
the media tell us what to think about and how to think, which constitute the
theoretical issues of agenda setting and framing.
As part of the perceived role of the
mass media, the press or mass media are obliged to present ideas and
information that will enlighten and widen the horizons of the citizens to
prepare the citizens to take independent and rational decisions for
self-actualization. Besides, another important role of the media is that the
media are obliged to provide reasoned independent information to the citizens
while carrying out watchdog roles on the government (Asemah, 2011).
People’s assumption to change in the
field of social, cultural, political, economic and technological areas are
crucial for their quest to lead a successful and high-quality life. Not only do
people need to feel free to talk about the process of development but also
sincerely become a part of the development process. For countries, especially
developing ones, that strive to achieve prosperity for their people, it is
important that information and knowledge about such changes is made available
to them on priority basis. The media has a major role in making sure that the
people are well informed about, and thus properly involved in, the process of
development (Vyas,
2014).
Development journalism is the name of
advocacy and bridge of communicating of the people. It creates attention to the
promotion of national development. “By making one part of a country aware of
other parts, their people, arts, customs, and politics; by permitting the national
leaders to talk to the people, and people to the leaders and to each other; by
making possible a nation-wide dialogue on national policy; by keeping the
national goals and national accomplishments always before the public--thus
modern communication, widely used, can help weld together isolated communities,
disparate subcultures, self-centered individuals and groups, and separate
developments into a truly national development” (WilberSchramm, 1964, Shreenivas, 1999).
Previous researchers suggest that
news organizations in developing countries tend to devote higher attention and
allocate a large proportion of space for development news (Griswold,1992). In addition, newspapers in developing
countries, past studies indicate, cover development news mainly with references
to influential government officials or prominent political figures (Shah, 1990),
because these individuals wish to be seen as “champions of development issues” (McDaniel,1986).
The concept of development
journalism, the idea that journalism may aid national development, attracted
considerable attention in the literature during the 1970s and 1980s, and
remains an important and relevant topic in many media systems across Africa and
Asia today. Development journalism refers to the practice of journalism
concerned with gathering, packaging and disseminating development-oriented news
and information. It involves reporting on ideas, programs, activities and
events, which are related to an improvement of the living standard of people. For
decades, the relationships between media and governance (Kalyango, 2011), media
and modernization or development (Aggarwala, 1978, Skjerdal, 2011, Hanusch, and
Charu, 2015), and media and socioeconomic welfare (Domatob, and Stephen 1983),
have been a central focus of studies that theorize normative models of
journalism and empirically explore how these models may be reflected in practice
(Shafer, 1998).
News media in the eight countries of
interest more or less shared two features. They worked under a policy
articulated by their governments that news media were partners in government
efforts to develop their countries as these countries emerged from colonialism
and other similar conditions. Also, they had some sort of constitutional
guarantee of freedom but these guarantees were interpreted differently and not
always enforced. Given these conditions, the question of how journalists
negotiate their roles becomes important in terms of their normative beliefs.
The rise of development journalism
led to considerable debate and discussion about the actual nature of this
concept and its practice. At one end were views that the concept was simply a
fig leaf to hide government strong-arming journalists into covering leaders and
country positively. Freedom House’s views, as articulated by Sussman (Sussman,
1981), reduced development journalism to simply a tool of authoritarian
governments to ensure they remained in power. Some scholars stated that development
journalism is at odds with Western philosophy (Odhiambo,1991), that it is not
objective and independent of government, and is in fact about media
professionals serving at the will of government agencies.
At the other end were more benign
interpretations of the concept. Aggarwala (1979), among the first to attempt a
definition of development journalism, considered it a journalism that focused on
grassroots development issues including critical appraisal of policy (Shah,1988).
Shafer (1998) defined development
Journalism as “the art and science of human communication applied to the speedy
transformation of a country and the mass of its people from poverty to a
dynamic state of economic growth that makes possible greater social equality
and the larger fulfillment of the human potential” (Shafer, 1998).Also,
Gunaratne (1998), present development journalism as a practice in which media
practitioners and government work together as partners in national development.
Wong too argues that the idea is to have government media partnerships to “promote
the larger good of social harmony and stability together with economic growth
and development” (Wong, 2004).
There is also the question of the
concept’s ideological exclusivity. Some scholars see development journalism as
a response to particular demands in post-colonial societies that wanted to make
development strides after the lost decades under colonial rule (Rampal, 1984).This
argument is modified by others who stress that development journalism may not
be exclusive to the South as it bears resemblance with acquainted frameworks
and models that originated elsewhere, such as public journalism (Shafer 1998),
peace journalism (Shinar, 2007), public service broadcasting (Banda2007),
appreciative-cum-solutions journalism (Manda, 2013), and more generally the social
responsibility theory of the press (Ogan, 1982). All these frameworks highlight
the utility of the practice of purposeful journalism.
It is evident that the definition of development
journalism has been shifting over time and space. In fact, Solomon (2014) noted
that development journalism in Tanzania changed from a top-down, authoritative
approach in the socialist era to a more liberal and public service-oriented
style in the contemporary democratic age (Solomon, 2014). Still, there are
certain characteristics that may be distilled from the various definitions of development
journalism: the interventionist, the developmental, and the educational. That development
journalism is interventionist implies that it seeks to challenge the status quo
by advocating for social change.
Within an interventionist journalism philosophy,
the argument is that it is legitimate for reporters and editors to serve as
change agents for the greater social, economic and cultural development of
society. This points to the second quality of development journalism, which is
defined as the developmental function. Among all characteristics of development
journalism, this may be regarded as the central requirement. It implies that
the media are regarded not as spectators to social progress, but as active
contributors. Also, development journalism is recognized by a strong
educational function. This implies that media assume a particular
responsibility vis-à-vis the citizenry, which is to inculcate knowledge and
understanding concerning society and development.
The normative idea of development
journalism began in developing countries as an attempt to harness the work of
journalists towards meeting development objectives, such that they become
purveyors of information that spurs upward economic, infrastructure and social
mobility and growth in their societies. Some of the literature suggests that
the idea was first discussed in a 1964 seminar convened by the East West Center
in Honolulu (Jayaweeraand Ariyante, 1987), Stevenson, (1994) and came to be
known as “developmental journalism” in the Philippines.
The term ‘development journalism’ is
occasionally distinguished from ‘developmental journalism’. In Ethiopia, for
example, the Amharic term for ‘development journalism’ denotes the overall
philosophy of the framework, while ‘developmental journalism’ expresses the
practice, equivalent to ‘development(al) reporting’. Edeani (1993) views ‘developmental
journalists’ as government supportive and critical of popular participation, in
contrast to ‘development journalists’ who encourage democratic engagement
(Edeani, 1993). For the most part, the two terms are used interchangeably in
some literature (Odhiambo,1991), with ‘development journalism’ growing in usage
after 1990. This study uses ‘development journalism’ and considers it an
inclusive term, denoting both theory and practice.
Journalists
have to be the ears and eyes of society and the voices of the voiceless through
bottom-up reporting. “Watchdog” role, reportages on development issues that
bring attention to, issues that are overlooked or under-represented.
Development journalism is the use of all journalistic skills to report
development processes in an interesting fashion. Their news must not be ‘saleable
commodity like any other’ but must be ‘responsible’ news. Their news must serve
as a stimulus to national pride and unity because (Ribbans, 2010), for the
young nations, such pride and unity are very important for development to
occur. “A good journalist must not only
describe, but delve, debunk and decode. International development is complex,
slow, non- prescriptive and uncertain. It requires the reporter to appreciate
and explore the interplay of diverse realms such as health, education,
environment, governance, local and national economics, and culture,” says Ribbans.
Development
journalists believe that conventional journalism is ineffective in helping a
nation, especially rural areas. The background of development journalism
clearly demonstrates that unlike conventional journalism which only aims at reporting
the news, while development journalism has a mission to fulfil. The call from
Third World countries for a New World Information and Communication Order,
which reached its height in 1970s, gave further impetus to the promotion of
development journalism. Thus, journalists become organizers, mobilizers and
players rather than merely observers. Tired of negativism, journalists opt for
activism.
Development
journalists have to understand the development process. Development journalists
talk with the people in the communities, find out their concerns and report
them. They invite or even force politicians to address these concerns if
necessary. The journalists are promoters of a healthy community life. Have to
be competent and well-informed enough to cover the complicated processes of
national development or of community reintegration. Development journalists
have to understand complex economic, technical, scientific and sociological
information and translate and interpret it to their generally lay audiences
(readers, listeners or viewers, depending on the media).
Human
experience. Journalists should write about people as subjects, actors and
agents rather than as objects or victims with ‘needs deficits. Democratic
Dimension. Using the media to make people visible, both as objects and as
subjects, becomes one task. Using it to expose the system through investigative
reporting is the second and using the media to expose media that fail to do
their job, is the third. Report development constructively rather than as
problem. Eg success stories. Allow the ‘people’ to talk. This means giving them
a voice. Discuss the meaning of development to generate ‘an enormous range of
visions’ as well as ‘how-to’ insights.
Development
Journalist frame and angle the stories towards constructive social change and
transformation. Development journalist’s primary task is to inform, to
interpret, to put the facts in a human context, and to draw informed
conclusions. Development journalist reflects on the question of how the series
of stories written over a period could in time make a difference to prevailing
realities.
Role
of Media in Development Journalism Three types of relations: (a) Long-term, as
mutually dependent organisms: Media as partners (b) Short-lived or opportunist:
Media as resource (c) Conflicting: Media as critics/watchdogs Through their
news coverage – ideally fair, accurate, inclusive – they turn the spotlight on
those that are “out of reach, out of sight, out of mind”. In other words, they
maximize people’s space in the media – something crucial in the empowerment
process and contribute to ensuring greater participation and transparency—two
concepts that are central to successful poverty reduction and development approaches
(Mahesh,
2016).
This
research was conducted through content analysis of the two daily local
newspaper in Chattogram – The Dainik Azadi and The Dainik Purbokone to
determine the coverage level, and content characteristics of development news (on
local government, infrastructure, education, industry, business and environment
in Chattogram as a commercial capital of the country).
This
report thus takes a broad look at the practices and perspectives of local
development. These aim to realize economies of scale but potentially risk
titles becoming ‘local in name only’, whereas localization ties a title tightly
to its local community but may result in difficulty maintaining a sustainable
business. All the titles covered still generate a large majority of their
revenues from print, but circulation continues to decline and the readership is
ageing, so developing new digital offerings is critical both from a business
point of view and for the newspapers to continue serving their communities.
Even the most successful local titles will likely have to continue to cut their
costs as legacy revenues decline and digital revenues and auxiliary sources of
revenues, such as events and e-commerce, are unlikely to compensate for
revenues fundamentally premised on a form of market power that even the most
popular and innovative local news organizations simply no longer have. That
said, the impressive new initiatives launched by many of the organizations
covered here, as well as their commitment to continued investment in both their
core editorial mission as well as new experiments with digital media, show how
committed they are to the digital transition of local news.
This
report is structured as follows. First, I found the content of development
which were provided on local perspective. I then examine efforts to streamline
front, and back page across the news organization. Lastly, I assessed how the
local media were covered of development issues in the local perspective on
infrastructure, health, business, tourism and
environment news with a summary of the findings.
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
Chattogram has an undeniable role in the independence movement of the
subcontinent as well as the great Liberation War of Bangladesh. Although the
city of 153 years’ glorious history has developed significantly in various
sectors, it still lags behind in many aspects. Still today the number of
infrastructural developments taken here were mostly initiated back in Pakistan
reign. And there were reasons behind it (Khan, 2017). Although Bangladesh
declared this area as the commercial capital of the country but the Pakistan
rulers had recognized it as the political capital. They emphasized most on this
city during the then East Pakistan. Khan (2017) also said, it has seen many
governmental and non-governmental institutions being developed at that time.
Among which Karnaphuli Paper Mills (KPM), General Electric Company (GEC), Steel
Mill, Chattogram Port, Chattogram Urea Fertilizer Factory (CUFL), Chattogram
Medical College Hospital (CMCH), Chattogram University and others were
significant. But after the independence, there has not been observed the
development as it was desired. Rather, we have seen many institutions turned
less profitable or closed down due to various reasons (Khan, 2017).
Not
only that, with the erection of “Desh Garment Chattogram” garments in 1978, the
second largest economic power of the country, RMG, started from Chattogram as
well. Where in the 90s in RMG contribution, about 39% was from Chattogram, presently
it has come down to only about 14% with the gradual decrease (Chowdhury,
2017).
Along
with the great degradation of infrastructures - in health, education,
accommodation, culture, transportation system and almost nowhere the city has
seen noticeable development (Baruya, 2017).
Including Wikipedia, consisting
of about 8 million population (7,913,365), it is the most important mega city
after Dhaka. But the role of local media is also questionable next to the role
of political failure behind this undesiring development over the years. Media
acts as the bridge between any political government and the mass people of a
country. It is the term Fourth Estate (Schultz, 1998) that reaches and gives voice to the vulnerable can create
informed citizens that can better monitor the actions of incumbent politicians
and use this information in their voting decisions (mdif, 2014).
2.1 Chattogram
Initially
Chittagong Town started to flourish as a tinny district town and expanding with
its port activities only on the northern bank of river Karnaphully. People from
western countries specially, the Portuguese and Dutch people used to visit this
region for trade, commerce and business purposes mainly. The Chittagong Port
flourished gradually with involvement of local people who engaged themselves in
the overall port activities for earning their livelihoods afterwards. As a
result of which, people from Middle East and surrounding region become
attracted to the port of Chittagong followed by the development of port
activities and flourishing trade, business activities in this region. Some of
these people visited this beautiful land of green landscape and deep forest for
religious purposes also. Consequently, people from the surrounding region being
attracted by the holy saints started to come under the umbrella of Islam who
came with the holy massages of the Islam. In 1666 the Moghul Emperor Aurongazeb
named this city as Islamabad afterwards during the British rule they renamed
this city as Chittagong.
Chittagong
city is located towards south-east of the capital city of Dhaka which is around
280 Km. from the capital. Chittagong city is situated on the bank of
Karnaphully River and the city is surrounded by rich natural resources like the
green hilly terrain and the Bay of Bengal on the west. Chittagong is the Second
Largest city, Prime Sea Port and the heart of all commercial and business
activities in Bangladesh. Accordingly, the government of the country has
already declared Chittagong as the “Commercial Capital” of the country by this
time. After the independence of Bangladesh in 1971, Chittagong has earned a
significant status of the second important city because of the Chittagong Port,
diversified economic activities, Natural Beauties, Industrial activities and
because of its suitable Geographical Location factor in the regional map.
Chittagong
has been contributing the national economy since the independence of the
country in 1971. The major economic establishments/resources are (1) Chittagong
Port. (2) Lots of Garments Industries. (3) Huge numbers of medium and heavy
Industries (Industrial belt at Fouzdarhat, Baizid Bostami, Kalurghat Industrial
and Patenga industrial area).(4) Natural Beauties such as the Patenga Sea
Beach. Batali Hill, Foy’s Lake, Karnaphuly river bank, court building, Circuit
House etc. in the city is playing a significant role in the development of
Tourism Industry in Chittagong region.
Topographically
Chittagong is a hilly city surrounded by Karnaphully River and Bay of Bengal
from different sides contributing the friendly Urban growth. At the very
beginning Chittagong Town started to grow as a small Municipality in 1863 that
was inhabited by 25,000 people only. In 1864 (the town area 4.5 Sq. Miles) the
city was reconstituted as Chittagong Municipality. It was further upgraded to
Chittagong Municipal Corporation (CMC) in 1982 and finally as Chittagong City
Corporation (CCC) in 1990. At present the city area is around 155 Sq. Km. (60
Sq. Miles) and is inhabited by around 4.00 Million population at present.
Chittagong
is a land on huge Natural Beauty. There are Natural Gifts like Virgin Hilly
region, the Bay of Bengal and the Karnaphuly River. These Beautiful Natural
features can be potentially developed with modern tourist Facilities, which can
attract local as well as foreign tourist in the city and surrounding areas.
This would obviously enhance the tourist industry along with small and medium
size industrial activities in the whole region, where huge employment opportunities
could be generated at the same time (Hashemi, 2006).
The
media provide information to actors throught society allowing then to
participate in the decision and depend that shape. A significant number of
large and small dailies are published from Chattogram. They have their
liabilities towards Chattogram. But in many fronts, they have failed to their
cause.
2.2 Newspapers in
Chattogram
The
publication of newspaper in Chattogram was old. Mainly Dainik Azadi, one of the
most popular newspapers of that time was The Dainik Azadi, published from
Chattogram and considered as one of the first newspapers to be published on
December 17, 1971, after Bangladesh’s independence (Ananta, 2015). It wasn’t
easy to print such newspapers at that time. The country had just gained its
freedom and the Pakistani force was yet to surrender their weapons. Ananta
(2015) said “During the tumultuous time of December 16, 1971, we decided to
publish a one-page newspaper the following day. The text was written in red ink
to signify the bloodshed and lives that the country had lost,” says the editor
of The Dainik Azadi, Abdul Malek (Ananta, 2015).
But
local newspaper is not reach as much as history. ‘Dainik Azadi’ (1961) and ‘Dainik
Purbakone’ (1985) are most popular local paper in Chattogram. without these are
also ‘Dainik Suprobhat’ (2003), ‘Daily Purbodesh’ (2012), ‘Daily Karnaphulhi’, ‘Dainik
Beer Chattogram Mancha (1997)’ and Daily Amader Chattogram etc. But these
circulations are not mentionable from any authentic sources. Besides these some
of national newspaper like Prothom Alo and Kaler Kantha published supplements.
CHAPTER 3
This
research has been designed to study the space given to local development news
in daily newspaper in Chattogram. It is aimed to find out how many issues to
cover development news of local newspaper. Keeping the above aspects in view,
the relevant literatures have been reviewed and presented below:
I reviewed relevant literature with a
view to knowing what scholars have done regarding to newspaper coverage on
local development and also to identify the vacuum in literature which the
present study intends to fill. It has been observed that there is scanty
literature on the study of content analysis of development of Chattogram. This
is because, Downer said “Development journalism gives soul to media; it gives
it a human face,” a development journalist with Panos Caribbean (George, 2009).
It provides the public with a better fathom of the goals of development.
Journalists have a role to create awareness and show people where the money is
going, without ignoring the human aspect of these issues (Goslinga, 2014)).
Development journalism identified the development issues affect not only poor,
but also rich countries.
While news media is one of important
instruments for national development (McDaniel, 1986; Singhal & Rogers,
2001), development journalism should be practiced of a controversy between
Western and Eastern professionals. It is disclosed that coverage of development
news heavily depends on official sources, and critics tends to point out such
coverage could be associated with government effort to manage news content that
publicly promote political figures (McDaniel,1986), and thus seen Lent (1981)
as “government say-so” journalism which appears in Asian development news. A
prominent text by Rajasundaram (1981), widely used in Asian region for
development communication trainings, warns that …development communication in
some countries is confused with publicity for government projects. The
government as the chief designer and administrator of a country’s development
plans should rightfully tell people what is being done for them. But
development communication is more than that.
3.1 The birth of newspapers globally
Literature is replete with the
powerful influence of newspapers globally. Over the past few centuries,
newspapers have shaped culture, influenced politics, played an important role
in business and affected and still affecting the daily lives of millions. Record
has it that apparently, in 1605 Germany became the birth place of the first
newspaper in Europe (Awake, 2005). The same Awake (2005) unequivocally refers
to historians who documented that:
Newspapers have instigated,
supported and justified wars--- the 1870-71 Franco-Russian war, the Spanish
–American war of 1898 and the Vietnam War of 1955-75. Many business men, scientists
entertainment stars and politicians have come to grief over scandal publication
newspapers. In the famed Watergate scandal of the mid-1970’s investigative
journalism set off a series of events that forced U. S president Richard Nixon
to resign. Yes, for good or bad, the press can be a mighty power to reckon
with.
The question that readily comes to
mind is how did this influence of the press begin and how reliable is what we
read in our newspapers? To answer these seemingly simple but complex questions,
it will therefore suffice to remind our readers the genesis of newspapers
globally and to trace the history of the press in Bangladesh which we believe
will answer the above questions partially.
Although, the first printing press
was founded in 1446, the first printed newspaper was established in Germany in
the late 1400s in the form of pamphlets and was highly sensational in contents
(Eisenstein, 2005). In the English-speaking world, Coranto was regarded as the
earliest prototype newspaper established in 1621. In the English colony of
North America, the first newspaper to be established was Public Occurrences.
This publication did not last before the government it, arrest the publisher
and many copies were destroyed because it was alleged that the publisher
commenced operating the press without being officially registered. The first
successful news publication was the Boston’s Newsletter established in 1704 by
John Campbell. This was followed in 1720s by two newspapers in Philadelphia and
New York. At the end of the revolutionary war in 1783, there were 43 newspapers
in circulation.
At first, news sources were letters,
other newspapers, postmasters who received news by mail and reproduced it, or
simply gossip picked up by newsmen in public places. With the growing
competition, however, publishers worked on improving the quantity and quality
of the news. They hired their first professional editors. Because most
publishers could not afford an extensive network of news sources and
journalists, the appetite for news led to the formation of news agencies for
gathering and distributing news to subscribing publishers. (Awake, 2005).
3.2 Vital Contributing Inventions
The newspaper business would not have
been possible without important inventions, especially Johannes Gutenberg’s
method of printing with movable type. Further inventions made newspaper
production practical and affordable. In the 1860’s, for example, the web rotary
press made it possible to print on a continuous roll of paper rather than on
separate sheets. Shortly afterward, the Linotype machine was used to compose
metal type into pages for printing. Then, in the latter half of the 20th
century, computer typesetting replaced costly hand work.
In the meantime, news itself traveled
ever faster as the telegraph began to come into common use in the 1840’s,
typewriters in the 1870’s and the telephone at about the same time. More
recently, in the lifetime of millions now living, the use of computers, e-mail,
and fax machines has become common in the newspaper business. Reporters arrive
at the scene of their story ever sooner—by rail, automobile and airplane. And
speedy transport now delivers ever more newspapers.
3.3 Mass Media and Society
The media are expected to be both
agents of socialization and information dissemination. Majority of the people
believe that the mass media have some kinds of effect on some kinds of people
under some kind of conditions with some consequences. Looking at the mass media
as instruments of rural development, Uche (2002) posits that the mass media
play the leading role of promoting the political, social and economic
aspiration of rural folks. And according to Onabajo (2002), communication is a
potent weapon, which makes the society tick. He added that whatever is the
nature of society, be it local or international, the society depends on
communication for its survival. Meanwhile, globally, it is believed that the
mass media are amplifying factors in the society, which inform the people about
happenings in and around them. The society is equally aware that, the mass
media are to raise the level of people’s consciousness in matters relating to
national development. We can therefore affirmatively conclude that the media
are crucial to man’s life because they are not only indispensable but
unavoidable necessity (Barret & Newbold,007)). Similarly, Merrill (1999)
postulated that the mass media can contribute to the people’s awareness of
potentialities, dissatisfaction and desire to change, a heightened sense of
collective power among the people, either stability or disruption of the
society, either instilling in the people’s realistic goal or creating
extravagant expectation.
Another scholar whose contribution is
important to the issue of the mass media role in rural development is Moemeka
(1981) who maintained that the mass media perspective reflect a structure of
social relations and a stage of industrial development. Moemeka agreed that the
media when skillfully applied could be agents of development; he noted that
there have been studies, which correlate mass media exposure with attitude
change, behavior adjustment and possession of information, relevant to social
development. He supported his claim with the example that high media exposure
has been related to high adoption of new farm innovations, high political
knowledge and higher aspiration for children (Moemeka, 2000).
Schramm (1964) however agreed that
mass media systems are reflective or indicative of a nation’s progress,
sophistication and modernization, adding that the media could never be the
determinant of any event.
He concluded that the safest position
to adopt is what he termed the cause- effect interaction position. By that, he
maintained that the media and other factors operating simultaneously within a
nation bring about growth and progress. It has however, been proved that the
mass media when skillfully applied play a very significant role in the
development of positive behavior that supports development.
3.4 Local News and Media
Like their national and international
counterparts in the private sector, local newspapers continuously work to adapt
their editorial and business models to remain relevant and financially viable
in the digital media environment. Newspapers around Europe have seen declining
print revenues, and although leading newspapers have invested significantly in
digital offerings, the gains they achieve often fail to compensate for print
losses (Cornia & Nielsen, 2016).
Among local and regional newspapers,
these efforts are evident in the way’s interviewees described the most
significant challenges and opportunities facing their organizations. Their
responses reflect issues facing news media organizations around the world –
from monetizing digital content and increasing online subscriptions to drawing
younger readers to the influence of Google and Facebook on online traffic – and
concerns specific to the local sector (Newman, Kalogeropoulos, Levy&
Nielsen2017).
Staff members with nearly all of the
newspapers in the sample noted that they have faced declining circulation
numbers and advertising revenues, particularly for print, and they have
struggled to find ways to attract new (in many cases, younger) readers in an
increasingly crowded digital media environment as well as to monetize online
content and traffic.
Édouard Reis Carona, editor-in-chief
for digital content and innovation at Ouest-France, said the company has lost
25% of its print advertising revenues in less than ten years and, as a result,
is shifting its focus to creating loyal online readers who are willing to pay
for local content and become subscribers for both print and digital products (Carona,
2017).
Other newspapers, such as the
Huddersfeld Examiner, focus on ‘turning page views into revenue and income’, as
news editor Martin Shaw described (Shaw, 2017). Lauren Ballinger, executive
editor of the Huddersfeld Examiner, said one reader recently complained that
the newspaper is focused on ‘clickbait’ to increase web traffic rather than
providing information.
Shaw, 2017) said, I
said, ‘Well, we’re a business. We’re trying to keep the Examiner going for
future generations, and the only way we can do that, because people aren’t
buying as many papers anymore, is getting people on our website.’ I mean, he’s
somebody who clearly just wants his news for free. He doesn’t want to come to
the website; he just wants to be told this stuff and feels an entitlement to
that information.
Damien Allemand, chief of the digital
newsroom for Nice-Matin, said that, in some cases, local and regional
newspapers are using the same strategies as national media online or even
leading them.
3.5 The Roles of Mass Media in Rural Development
The roles of mass media in rural
development have attracted the attention of several scholars. According to
Nwuneli (2004) many governments and nations in the developing world over the
years have used the mass media extensively at one point or the other for the
advancement of their development objectives. In Nigeria, these include the
Currency Exchange Campaign (1971), Traffic Change Campaign (1973), Argentina
Beef Import Campaign (1976), Afforestation Information Campaign (1985 — 1986),
Plant a Palm Campaign (1988) Nwuneli concluded. Daramola (1986:98) also states
that the role of the mass media in rural development is to teach people new
norms, attitudes and behaviors in place of old ones so that they can be more
productive. Lasswel (1968) believes that man has always needed something to
watch over his environment and report to him on the dangers, discoveries,
opportunities, opinion, changes and current trends — something to entertain
people on broad scale, something to broaden trade and commerce. From what
Lasswel has said, the role of the media is all encompassing in the sense that
the media are expected to be life partners and keep the company of man from
birth to the grave.
Lakshman (2001) sees development as a
tool which brings changes in the area of political consciousness, urbanization,
division of labour, industrialization, mobility, literacy, media consumption
and a general participation in national building activities. Meanwhile, Soola
(2002) however, warns that we should not underplay the complexity of development
and as such exaggerate the power of the mass media. Soola (2002) equally adds
that development should not be conceived only in the tangible rather but in the
change in people’s attitude and positive orientation.
This researcher and Soola seem to
hold similar views in the conceptualization of development. The power of
communication could interact with the socio-economic structure of a nation to
bring about well-informed individuals who can articulate their minds with the
aim of harnessing individual potentials for societal emancipation. This study
is therefore, an advocacy platform whereby the mass media are seen as the
advocates of national development. This researcher is equally poised at
strengthening the power of the media in development communication which helps
people to move to a higher critical state of awareness where they learn to
think for themselves, analyze their situations and needs and of course, take
decision on how to improve their living conditions (Asemah, 2011). It is
evident that development cannot take place amidst ignorance. Certainly, the
mass media, as agents of socialization, are catalysts of meaningful change
witnessed in a country. To make development participatory therefore, people
must have equal access and opportunities to participate in taking decisions
that concerned them. The people (society) therefore need information and these
pieces of informed information can only come from the mass media who will
engender positive attitudinal change which will eventually drive the wheel of social
development (Orewere, 2006 &Asemah, 2011).
In development, communication is
pivotal because it involves deliberate well-informed and articulated codes
aimed at bringing development messages to the knowledge of the targeted
audience. The media therefore, serve as measuring tools in assessing the
performance or otherwise of the nation’s social institutions. (Little John
& Foss 2008).
It is evident that the people heavily
rely or depend on the information supplied by the mass media which is the
thrust of media dependency theory which holds the belief that the audience
members depend on the media for information to meet their curiosity and other
psycho-social needs because it is popularly believed that the media do or can
“alter the beliefs attitudes and the interests of the audience” (Asemah: 181,
2011).
In conclusion, just like the utility
theory of communication advances that people have different needs expected to
be met, the media should therefore inform and convey programs (contents) about
various activities taking place in the society so that people can contribute
meaningfully as technocrats and professionals to the development of their
society (Miller, 2002).
This study aims to further explore
the controversy around development news coverage of independent media in
developing countries. For all that, it is still worth noticing that this study
only looks at the latest medium of newspaper publication which is the Internet
as opposing to the majority of previous texts that heavily analyze print and broadcast
journalism. Online journalism definitely has a unique nature different from
that of print and broadcast such as print newspaper, radio and television.
3.6 Development
Rogers (1976) sees development as a
widely participatory process of social change in a society, intended to bring
about social and material advancement (including greater equality, freedom, and
other valued qualities) for the majority of the people through their gaining
control over their environment. Rogers stressed the endogenous dimension of development.
It must be through people's participation, exploiting their own environment to
improve their situation rather than expecting development to "fall from
heaven" as it were. Inayatullah (cited in Soola 2003:13), for example,
says “development is change toward patterns of society that allow better
realization of human values, that allow a society greater control over its
environment and over its political destiny, and that enables its individuals to
gain increased control over themselves”. Moemeka (1991) observes that:
...the two definitions show that
development is a multifaceted concept. It generally means different things to
different people, ranging from the psychologist's preoccupation with individual
or personality variables as self-reliance, achievement motivation, self-worth
and self-actualization, to the communicator's concern for acquisition of new
knowledge and skills, increased self-confidence, control over oneself and one's
environment, greater equality, freedom, ability to understand one's potentials
and limitations, and willingness to work hard enough to improve on existing
conditions (p.4).
Todar and Smith (2003) stresses that
development involves both the quality and quantity of life. Quality of life
refers to opportunities and availability of social, health and educational
concerns. Quantity of life involves the amount of economic and political
participation of the people. This definition shifts the attention and aim of
development away from an economic to a more humanizing conceptualised one. In
line with this, Oladipo (1996:1) notes that development is:
a
process of economic and social advancement which enables people to realize
their potentials, build selfconfidence and lead lives of dignity and
fulfilment. It is a process aimed at freeing people from evils of want, ignorance,
social injustice and economic exploitation.
Todar
and Smith (2003) identify three objectives of development as follows:
1. To
increase the availability and widen the distribution of basic life sustaining
goods such as food, shelter, health and protection.
2. To
raise levels of living in addition to higher incomes, the provision of more
jobs, better education, and greater attention to cultural and human values, all
of which will serve not only enhance material well-being but also to generate
greater individual and national self-esteem.
3. To
expand the range of economic and social choices available to individuals and
nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence, not only in relation to
other people and nation- states but also to the forces of ignorance and human
misery.
3.7 Development Communication
Lakshman (2001) sees development as a
tool which brings changes in the area of political consciousness, urbanization,
division of labor, industrialization, mobility, literacy, media consumption and
a general participation in national building activities. Meanwhile, Soola
(2002) however, warns that we should not underplay the complexity of
development and as such exaggerate the power of the mass media. Soola (2002)
equally adds that development should not be conceived only in the tangible
rather but in the change in people’s attitude and positive orientation.
This
researcher and Soola seem to hold similar views in the conceptualization of
development. The power of communication could interact with the socio-economic
structure of a nation to bring about well-informed individuals who can
articulate their minds with the aim of harnessing individual potentials for
societal emancipation. This study is therefore, an advocacy platform whereby
the mass media are seen as the advocates of national development. This
researcher is equally poised at strengthening the power of the media in development
communication which helps people to move to a higher critical state of
awareness where they learn to think for themselves, analyze their situations
and needs and of course, take decision on how to improve their living
conditions (Asemah, 2011). It is evident that development cannot take place
amidst ignorance. Certainly, the mass media, as agents of socialization, are
catalysts of meaningful change witnessed in a country. To make development
participatory therefore, people must have equal access and opportunities to
participate in taking decisions that concerned them. The people (society)
therefore need information and these pieces of informed information can only
come from the mass media who will engender positive attitudinal change which
will eventually drive the wheel of social development (Orewere,2006).
In development, communication is
pivotal because it involves deliberate well-informed and articulated codes
aimed at bringing development messages to the knowledge of the targeted
audience. The media therefore, serve as measuring tools in assessing the
performance or otherwise of the nation’s social institutions (Little-John, &
Foss,2008).
Asemah, (2011) said, is evident that
the people heavily rely or depend on the information supplied by the mass media
which is the thrust of media dependency theory which holds the belief that the
audience members depend on the media for information to meet their curiosity and
other psycho-social needs because it is popularly believed that the media do or
can “alter the beliefs attitudes and the interests of the audience”.
In conclusion, just like the utility
theory of communication advances that people have different needs expected to
be met, the media should therefore inform and convey programs (contents) about
various activities taking place in the society so that people can contribute
meaningfully as technocrats and professionals to the development of their
society (Miller,2002). The media should focus on activities at all levels of
education so that people can assess and offer useful suggestions that will
improve the sector.
3.8 Development Journalism
Another side of the thinking proposes
that development journalism can also reserve the rights to report an
alternative to government viewpoints. Narinder K. Aggarwala (1978) from the
U.N. Development Program says that in development news …the journalist …should
critically evaluate and report the relevance of a development project; …the
difference between the planned scheme and its actual implementation; and the
difference between its impact on people as claimed by government officials and
as it actually is.
Development journalism involves
reporting on ideas, programs, activities and events, which are related to an
improvement of the living standard of people. In other words, the media ought
to be committed to contributing to the overall goal of development, to promote
cultural and informational autonomy, to support democracy and solidarity with
other developing nations (McQuail, 2005). Basically, it is assumed that
journalism is able to influence the development process by reporting on
development programs and activities. Accordingly, it is the journalists’ duty
to ‘critically examine and evaluate the relevance of a development project to
national and local needs, the difference between a planned scheme and its
actual implementation, and the difference between its impact on people as
claimed by government officials and as it actually is (Aggarwala,1979). This
means that news should not only be defined in terms of conflict, timeliness and
unusualness, but rather in terms of commitment and participation (Okigbo,
1991).
However, in reality this is not
always the case. In poor countries, there has generally been pressure on
journalists to associate themselves with the political forces, but in doing so
they have lost their independence. A justification for government control over
media is seen in the name of national security, religious and cultural harmony,
and in the name of the systematic use of media to promote governmental agenda
for development. McDaniel (1986) explains that political leaders in developing
countries “wish to be seen as champions of development issues” and warns “it
might undermine development as a responsibility of the whole population,
picturing it instead as an activity of the influential and politically powerful”.
3.9 The Rise of Development Journalism
Development journalism is as old as
the development industry itself. International affairs and travel reporting have
often touched on questions of poverty, economic prospects and social change.
During the past half century or more the communication programs of multilateral
institutions, government agencies and NGOs have become increasingly
sophisticated, drawing consciously on advertising and public relations
techniques. Oxfam and Christian Aid sponsored the creation of the UK New
Internationalist magazine in 1973. Similar publications such as South magazine
flourished in the 1980s and 1990s, but it was the growth of the digital world
that enabled development journalism to expand rapidly. This, combined with
citizen journalism and social media, produced countless online information
sites. The quality of this content is highly variable, but professional
editorial standards are applied in the Guardian Development Professionals
Network as in online publications such as Global South Development magazine.
Development journalism is now taught and researched in journalism schools.
Coverage is focused on insight into
the development process, the massive global body of development knowledge and
the bewildering institutional structure of policy and program delivery. This
discussion is important because of the way it is shaping the global development
debate, expanding the range of topics discussed, the reach and the kinds of
contributors. The search for more cooperative models of development programming
makes it vital that the disadvantaged have a voice, including a public voice,
as far as possible unfiltered by development agencies, the media or
self-appointed spokespersons. Our attitudes, behavior and assumptions are
inevitably influenced in part by this debate around us.
In 2009 the then-managing editor of
The Guardian, Elisabeth Ribbans, wrote: “A good journalist must not only
describe, but delve, debunk and decode. International development is complex,
slow, non-prescriptive and uncertain. It requires the reporter to appreciate
and explore the interplay of diverse realms such as health, education,
environment, governance, local and national economics, and culture.”
Development journalism also takes the
debate out of the development silos and echo chambers. Comment is restricted by
the language in which the professional discussion is expressed, involving a
series of dialects covering policy, evaluation, and program delivery, which
only the initiated can understand. Journalists can break through the jargon of
development speak to articulate development aims, processes and tools in clear
language.
All the world’s citizens have a stake
in the directions of global development and the effectiveness of massive aid
expenditure funded largely by western taxes. Agencies are also dependent on the
goodwill of personal and organizational donors to keep the aid industry
functioning. Stagnant funding and growing demand mean that financial support
needs to increase. However, for most outsiders the world of aid and development
remains arcane, making the role of informed, critical intermediaries vital.
Development agencies (government,
multilateral or NGO) are generally ambivalent about external scrutiny. They
want the world to understand and value their work, but they often object to
criticism, especially from outsiders who are considered poorly informed. Yet organizations
dispensing significant amounts of other people’s money cannot evade scrutiny
indefinitely. The result is often better policy and practice. Folly, waste and
corruption flourish in conditions of secrecy. Since 2004 Tolo TV has provided a
forum for economic and political debate in Afghanistan. Recently, The Guardian
has documented how health journalists newly trained by Internets used the press
and community radio to improve the effectiveness of responses to ebola in
Liberia. Exposure of incompetence is embarrassing in the short term, but
essential for improvement. However, it is in everyone’s interests that external
comment be informed, considered and based on a practical understanding of
development policy and the complexity of its delivery.
Development journalism is fraught
with ethical and professional dilemmas. Many practitioners’ agonies over how
grinding poverty, human suffering and ruthless exploitation should be
represented in words or images. Others differ about whether observers are
merely recording circumstances, or inevitably themselves players in the game.
There is a body of discussion on the role of narrative and storytelling in
development coverage. Editors reflect constantly on which issues should be
highlighted and how the influence of spin can be evaded. To all these questions
there are unlikely to be definitive answers.
Despite the benefits of development
journalism, its future is anything but clear. Citizen journalism is cheap and
likely to continue, but it is volatile, of uneven quality and in some parts of
the world subject to political intimidation. While personal testimony is
revealing, the value of development journalism is linked directly to high
professional standards. Organizations offering training and technical
assistance support include One World Media, the BBC World Service Trust and the
International Federation of Journalists. Yet the future of both citizen and
mainstream journalism in the developing world remains precarious and
journalists are increasingly under threat of murder, imprisonment or
kidnapping. Meanwhile, major international news outlets are having difficulty
reconciling high journalistic standards with commercial viability. Staff
numbers (especially overseas) are being reduced as retail and advertising
income falls. Staff numbers (especially overseas) are being reduced as retail
and advertising income falls. These organizations take development journalism
to a global readership beyond the aid world. If their commitment were to falter
due to financial constraints, the impact on the global development debate could
be severe. Progress in policy and practice comes from a vigorous exchange of
views and argument encompassing not only the development profession but also
the general public, whose support is so vital. We must avoid a debate driven by
academic disciplines, ideological perspectives or professional practice, all of
which are shouting into their own vacuum.
3.10 Importance of Development Journalism
In defining the central importance
that information plays in sustainable development, a 2007 Panos report
highlighted how information empowers people to determine their own development
path. Wilson, Kitty & Emrys said, “At its heart, development – if it is to
be sustainable – must be a process that allows people to be their own agents of
change: to act individually and collectively, using their own ingenuity and
accessing ideas, practices and knowledge in the search for ways to fulfill
their potential” (Wilson, Kitty & Emrys, 2007). A plural, independent media plays
an essential role in delivering the information people need to participate in
the debates and decisions that shape their lives.
Despite a general agreement on the
importance of media development in broader social, economic and political
progress, the international community—governments, development agencies,
donors—largely views the development of an independent media sector as a
secondary objective instead of a matter of critical importance. Consequently,
international donors allocate less than 1% of international aid budgets to
media development (Wilton, 2014). The purpose of this literature review is to
present evidence suggesting that a quality, independent media has a positive
impact on society and should be viewed as a critical development outcome in
itself. The review is divided into three sections addressing three areas where
media can have a positive effect on societies:
3.11 Governance Impact:
Corruption has a negative impact on
society, particularly in furthering poverty and income inequality (Gupta, Hamid
& Rosa, 2002). Numerous studies show a robust link between a free, strong,
and independent press and reduced corruption. A free press exposes private and
public sector corruption. It monitors government officials and increases voters’
knowledge, allowing voters to hold corrupt politicians accountable during
elections, causing politicians to reduce corruption.
3.12 Economic Impact:
Economic actors need accurate and
timely information to allocate resources efficiently. Investors and other
groups increasing value and demand a governance-monitoring role from the media
(Kaufmann, Aart, & Massimo, 2005).A free and independent press can provide
information and monitoring to the economic policy development process leading
to more effective economic policies. It can also reduce political risk and
increase good governance—conditions that are important for robust economic
development.
3.13 Social Impact:
In order for development to be just
and sustainable, citizens must productively participate in the decisions that
shape their lives. Participation requires an informed citizenry. A free and
independent media supply timely and relevant information to citizens allowing
them to change their own behavior and to demand higher social standards for
society
3.13.I Media improves
governance by monitoring the actions of those in power and alerting the public
to corruption or abuse of trust
A strong, free, and independent media
sector leads to lower corruption levels. Corruption acts as a tax on productive
activities in an economy, leading to the flow of resources to unproductive
ones. An independent media that monitors those in power and delivers accurate
information to citizens has been shown to be an effective check on corruption
across multiple studies (Chowdhury, 2004).
A 2006 cross-country study of 51
countries over the period 1995 to 2004 found that even slight reductions in
restrictions on journalists (e.g. reducing violence against journalists) have a
positive impact on corruption. The study found that improving the economic
viability and competitiveness of the media sector, leading to a one standard
deviation increase in press freedom, “would be associated with a decline of
corruption between 0.6 to 1.7 for economic influences and 0.7 to 1.4 for
political influences” (Freille, Haque, &Kneller, 2007).
A 2004 study of 97 countries and
covering the time period from 1995 to 2002 found press freedom to have a
significant impact on corruption. The study found that reducing free press
restrictions by 1% leads to a 5.1% improvement in the Corruption Perception
Index (CPI). “The presence of free press brings public corruption cases to the
voters while voters in a democracy in turn punish corrupt politicians by
ousting them from public offices. Hence elected politicians react to the voters
by reducing corruption” (Chowdhury, 2004).
A widely cited 2003 paper in the
Journal of Public Economics provides further evidence that a free press is a
powerful control on corruption. Analyzing a cross-section of 125 countries from
1994 to 1998 the authors found a strong relationship between press freedom and
less corruption, and one that suggests the direction of causation runs from
higher press freedom to lower corruption. The evidence suggests that a one
standard deviation improvement in press freedom could reduce corruption by
between .4 and .9 points on the 0 to 6 scale (Brunetti, &Weder, 2003).
Media can also indirectly reduce
corruption. A 2000 study found that in countries with weak civic monitoring
capabilities (including a strong, independent media) high levels of education
might not have the expectedly positive impact on corruption (i.e. better
educated bureaucrats should provide better public services). Without being
monitored, politicians may use their education to become more efficiently
corrupt. The study “examine(s) the impact of higher education on corruption…,
while controlling progressively for other variables that have been identified
to influence corruption (e.g. press freedom).” The results support the study’s
hypothesis that “in countries with low levels of civic monitoring of those in
power, education may actually increase corruption (Ahrend, 2002).
Access to information helps citizens
hold their governments accountable. By providing easy access to information to
users of public services, the media empowers citizens to demand quality and
accountability from their governments. A 2004 study by the World Bank examined
a Ugandan newspaper’s campaign to inform teachers about education grant funds
and the impact the campaign had on improving the education system by reducing
regulatory capture. The hypothesis was that more informed teachers would hold
officials accountable for the proper use of the funds. The study used distance
to the nearest newspaper outlet as an instrument for wider exposure to the
campaign (via parents, for example) and found a strong relationship between
proximity to a newspaper outlet and lower capture (Reinikka&Svensson,2004).
A 2004 paper by David Stromberg found
that better-informed citizens are more likely to vote, which in turn encourages
politicians to be responsive. The results of his research on how radio
penetration impacted relief program fund allocations indicated that governors
allocated more relief funds to areas where a larger share of the population had
radios. The effects were both statistically significant and economically
important. “The estimates of this study imply that for every percentage point
increase in the share of households with radios in a certain county, the
governor would increase per capita relief spending by 0.6 percent (Strömberg,
2004).
While there is still debate, recent
research has emphasized the leading role independent media plays in the process
of improving democratic governance. Evaluating decades of data on press freedom
and political development, Karin Deutsch Karlekar and Lee Becker found that a
healthy press sector is highly correlated with broader political freedoms. Karlekar
and Becker, taking a closer look at countries that experienced sharp increases
or decreases in political freedom, the researchers found that press freedom is
often a lead indicator for the direction a country’s political system is
headed.
A plural media improves government
responsiveness by giving a voice to the vulnerable. There is a robust link
between media development and government responsiveness, especially to the
poor, who have numerical strength in a democracy but are often ignored by
politicians. A media sector that reaches and gives voice to the vulnerable can
create informed citizens that can better monitor the actions of incumbent
politicians and use this information in their voting decisions.
A 2002 study by Timothy Besley and
Robin Burgess examined data in India from 1958 to 1992 and showed “that state
governments [were] more responsive to falls in food production and crop flood
damage via public food distribution and calamity relief expenditure where
newspaper circulation is higher and electoral accountability greater. In the
study, a 10 percent drop in food production was associated with a 1 percent
increase in public food distribution in states that are at the median in terms
of newspaper circulation per capita. For states that are in the 75th percentile
in terms of newspaper circulation per capita, the study found that a 10 percent
drop in food production was associated with a 2.28 percent increase in public
food distribution” (Besley, & Burgess, 2002).
Perhaps the most famous articulation
of this relationship came from Amartya Sen in his 1981 Coromandel lecture
published in 1984: “India has not had a famine since independence, and given
the nature of Indian politics and society, it is not likely that India can have
a famine even in years of great food problems. The government cannot afford to
fail to take prompt action when large-scale starvation threatens. Newspapers
play an important part in this, in making the facts known and forcing the
challenge to be faced” (Sen, 1984).
3.13.II.
Media improves the efficiency of the economy by providing actors more and
better information with which to make decisions and improving stability.
Media enhances political coordination
in the development of sound economic policy. A 2002 paper by Christopher Coyne
and Peter Leeson provides clarity on the role of the media in economic
development by analyzing the role of media as a coordination-enhancing
mechanism in policy development. The report looks at a number of historic case
studies, including successful economic development examples such as Poland and
Hungary, and less successful ones including Ukraine. In the successful cases of
Poland and Hungary, “not only has the media played a role in transforming
situations of conflict into coordination, but also access to information has
allowed politicians and the populace to coordinate on good conjectures leading
to economic progress” (Coyne, &Leeson. 2004).
Media sector development can reduce
political risk, increasing stability for higher risk countries. Countries that
have more political risk can gain stability by increasing the effectiveness of
their media sector. This is the finding of a 2011 econometric study of the
impact of a healthy media sector on the political risk condition of Sub-Saharan
African countries. “The quantile regression analysis... suggests that a free
media and greater access to information has a greater impact on improving
political risk status for countries with high political risk situations than
for countries that are more stable” (Roy, 2014).
3.13.III.
Media catalyzes positive changes in society by providing the information that
influences public opinion.
Media leads to increases in awareness
and changes in behavior across social issues. Numerous studies over the last 40
years from around the world have provided evidence of the catalytic role played
by the media in providing information that influences public opinion leading to
social change. The impacts can be seen across social issues such as public
health (Daniel, 2011) (including maternal health and child behavior (Jessor,
1977); gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) identity; and climate change (Sampei,
2009). Targeted, well-executed media campaigns reach audiences via a medium
they pay attention to, leading to increased knowledge and changes in behavior.
Information access linked to less
environmental degradation. Higher participation (levels of literacy,
information access, and equality) reduces the level of environmental
degradation that a country is willing to accept during its growth process. This
is the main finding of a 2002 study by Salvatore Bimonte that tested
cross-sector data from 35 European and CIS countries including Ukraine, Russia,
Bulgaria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, and Macedonia. The study found that information
accessibility (i.e. number of newspapers per 1000 people) is a determinant of
the level of environmental quality at which economic growth starts to be
beneficial for the environment. The paper maintains that the only way to make
development sustainable is to increase the level of participation. Therefore,
to make development sustainable one needs to involve people in the growth
process (Bimonte, 1997).
3.14 The role of
news and journalism in society
Hughes (1981) News
can be interpreted as some kind of information that is of importance to another
individual, and is something that people have come into contact with at some
point in their lives (Barker, 2012). Historically, language and gestures have
been methods employed by our ancestors to convey information to one another, an
imagination-instructing communication system (Jablona, Ginsburg&Dor, 2012),
so in some sense they are the precursors to modern news broadcasting means.
Though they do in fact remain as methods of passing on news and information, it
is increasingly evident, even among those with minimal contact with technology,
that the formats with which news is passed has developed considerably
throughout history, and will continue to develop long into the future. Indeed,
as news and communication have evolved, they have tended to do so via
technology.
Defining
newspapers as the oldest constituent of modern media it is easy to underline
their importance in the history of communication Boczkowski (2004), being
considered one of the original models of information conveyance (e.g. in 1994
there are over 1,400 newspapers representing a $55 billion industry) (McQuail,1994).
By the nineteenth
century, and complimented by further technological advancements in printing and
telegraphic communication, as well as huge advancements in speedy and effective
transportation, news was more accessible than ever before. As Muhlmann wrote, “the
newspaper ceased to be simply a forum for the expression of diverse opinions
and became a source of news […] gathered by people who began to call themselves
reporters”
Muhlmann(2008: 1).
For press agencies, this notion of reporting would come to be central to
journalistic identity, and in turn set journalism on its route to the
professional identity and influence it has enjoyed for most of the last two
centuries.
Traditionally,
journalists have utilized status and power to reinforce society’s perception of
the merits of professional journalism: “I share with thousands of others in
journalism a sense of mission that I have seen in only two other professions.
One of them is teaching and the other is the ministry” (Sigelman,1973). And
yet, recently journalists have had to deal with a certain level of infringement
on such status and power, and it may have changed their role forever.
3.15
Media Ownership and the Practice of development journalism
Given both the critique of
development journalism as government control as well as its interpretation as a
benign journalist-government partnership, media ownership becomes an important
consideration.
In government-owned media, where
control is institutionalized, journalists are more likely to be socialized and
could even be coerced into the practice of development journalism. Very few
studies, such as Rampal (1984) and McKay (1993), have empirically accounted for
media ownership to better explain journalists’ role perceptions for development
journalism (McKay, 1993). Rampal’s (1984) study from India at the height of
early development journalism, for example, identified a strong dichotomy
between the privately-owned print media, which had an adversary reporting
style, and the government-owned broadcast media, which promoted national growth
and development. The two reporting styles seemed contradictory and mutually
exclusive. In Bangladesh, government-owned radio and television focused on
development news such as infrastructure development, public health issues, and
government-sponsored events, while privately-owned print media focused on
non-government organizations (NGOs) and civil society (Ullah& Akhter 2002).
Historically, it is evident that the development journalism reporting style has
been more associated with official media outlets and less with the private and
independent media.
In all eight countries examined
here, both government and privately-owned media outlets are present, enabling a
meaningful analysis of the extent of development journalism orientation across
ownership types. Further, Ethiopian journalists, especially in the government
media, favored the idea that the media should be guided by a developmental
philosophy, but they tended to be critical of the current operations of the
official media which they claim to be heavily inclined towards the ruling party’s
political interests (Skjerdal, 2011). In Indonesia (Pintak and Setiyono, 2011;
Romano 2003) and Tanzania (Kalyango, 2011), newspapers (and other media) and
the government shared a development agenda, creating what may be termed a
partnership press. And even some journalists in these countries viewed
journalism’s function as that of supporting societal development. This was also
true for Malaysia (Anuar 2005), though today Malaysian newspapers’ reach has
dwindled in face of competition from online portals (Anuar, 2005). Similar ties
between government and media existed in Bangladesh (Ullah and Akhtar 2002) and
Malawi Government. 1998. In Malawi, newspapers, the source of alternative
political discourse, have shrunk however, leaving the country with only two
publishing houses (Chitsulo & Mang’ 2011). In Botswana, while the private
media did not subscribe to any such orientation, government news media had a
clear national development outlook (Rooney, 2012). In Sierra Leone, community
radio appeared to be the medium for community participation and development
(Musa 2005; Wahl-Jorgensen and Cole 2008).
Journalists still need training in
development reporting in Sierra Leone. Some other media characteristics in a
few of these countries were as follows. In Ethiopia, only the 19 percent who
live in cities are exposed to pluralistic media, while in Botswana private
media are mostly an urban phenomenon (The World Banck, 2016). Print media
ownership in Bangladesh is dominated by commercial power, manifesting
de-politicization in terms of government ownership but re-politicization in
terms of business ownership, what Mahmud calls “corpo-politicization (Mahmud,
2013).” In sum, while development journalism policy was not uniform across the
countries, it was strongly urged, particularly in government-owned media. Consequently,
and almost in all countries examined here, journalists working for private
media likely practiced Journalists’ Development Journalism Role Perceptions
under different expectations and challenges than those who work for
government-owned media, which may explain the volatility in quality of work
pertaining to development journalism from various media houses (Ullah&
Akhter 2002).
CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
The
study is set to achieve the following objectives:
(1)
To investigate the quantity development and non-development contents of
newspapers.
(2)
To categories development issue covered by local newspapers
(3)
To look into the treatment (front, and back page) of development stories occupy
in local newspaper.
CHAPTER 5
RESEARCH QUESTION
Past
studies have identified the opportunist facilitator role, which in many regards
resembles a development reporter, to be less interested in objective reporting
and public investigation (Hanitzsch 2011). This is one of the common
assumptions in much of the literature concerning development journalism (rooted
in Western critiques of the concept), namely that its reporting style is
incompatible with conventional professional ideals such as objective reporting
and watchdog journalism. Several recent contributions however have detected a
combination of critical and nation-building ideals within the same professional
community in developing societies, for instance among journalists in Fiji
(Hanusch and Uppal 2015), Indonesia (Pintak and Setiyono 2011), Bangladesh
(Ramaprasad and Rahman 2006), and Nepal (Ramaprasad and Kelly 2003). It is
therefore important to investigate how a journalist’s commitment to development
journalism may correspond with other journalistic roles. The research questions
of interest in this case are:
To
identify, explore and find out the local media on development issues in this
this research will addresses some vital questions are:
Q-1: Which
type of development issues do local newspapers cover?
Q-2: Do
local newspapers play social role in creating civic sense regarding highlighting local
development of Chattogram.
CHAPTER 6
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
The local newspapers of Chattogram
play vital role in the society as like others country. For an example, we have
seen to the few years ago, all the local newspapers, online portals and the
supplementary of national newspapers as like Prothoma Alo, Samakal, Kalerkantha
were published simultaneously on same news against the ‘illegal bill board’.
Subsequently, the city corporation went to action against the mafias and
eradication of all ‘illegal bill board’. It is an example of development
journalism for a society.
The importance of this study is that
it will help creating awareness to the extent to which the press gives for
issues related to development. It can also benefit researchers who wish to
study the Chattogram’s private media in terms of the coverage of development
issues. It can also help understanding the relationships among media ownerships
and evaluate their strategies in covering development related issues,
especially via online medium.
CHAPTER 7
RESEARCH DESIGN
This research design
obtained in this study was content analysis. Because content analysis is one of
the important elements of quantitative research. Berelson said content analysis, “a
research technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description
of the manifest content of communication” (Berelson, 1952, p.18)
it is exploit in this research study. Content
analysis was chosen because the focus of the study is to study the corpus or
content of selected newspapers in Chattogram. And it was adopted as research
design because the researcher intended to establish or discern patterns of
direction or coverage of development stories in local newspaper in Chattogram.
On another reason, of choice of content analysis as the research design was
predicated on the fact that it is systematic, objective and quantitative in
nature together with its unbiased and heuristic ability in describing
communication contents. (Wimmer and Dominick 2005).
7.2 Sampling and
Variables
Systematic
sampling was used as sampling technique. Researcher selected two daily
newspapers for content analysis which are published from Chattogram in 2018. These are ‘Dainik Azadi’ and ‘Dainik Purbokone’.
Mainly the selection process of this analysis was based on most of publication
of local newspapers in Chattogram.
In
this process I divided into three group of 12 months of the year of 2018. That
means I divided tripartite of the year of 2018 in group A (January, February,
March and April), group B (May, June, July and August) and group C (September,
October, November and December). After that I have been taken the first month
of group A, second month of group B and third month of group C in order. So
that, I have selected January, June and November for my research.
Then I selected one day from every 10 days after
dividing into three parts of every month. Days are selecting by systematically
process. I selected last three days of first 10 days, middle three days of
second 10 days and first three days of last 10 days in order of every months. So
that, selecting date for this research is 8, 15 and 21 of January and 9, 16 and
22 of June and 10, 17 and 23 of November.
7.3 The Content
Categories
Each
of the following content categories were coded: direction of story, theme of
story, position of story, type of story, development level and organization or
institution mentioned in the story. Sources of story).
7.4 Instrumentation
The
major instrument for gathering data was a coding sheet or coding schedule. The
coding sheet spelt out clearly all the content categories and sub-categories
which were coded accordingly.
7.5 The Unit of
Analysis
The
content data analyzed included: news both of development and non-development
news.
7.6 Data Analysis
Simple
statistical frequencies and percentages were adopted in the data analysis. This
statistical method was utilized because the study felt with nominal categories
in which data consisted of frequency counts and tabulated in appropriate cells.
7.7 Operational Definitions
In order to develop a framework for this content
analysis, a definition of “development news” is needed. John V. Vilanilam
(1976) develops an operational definition of development news and it is adopted
in this study. He defines development news as:
news
relating to the primary, secondary, and tertiary needs of a developing country.
Primary needs are food, clothing, and shelter. Secondary needs are development
of agriculture, industry and all economic activity which lead to the
fulfillment of the primary needs, plus development of education, literacy,
health environment, medical research, family planning, employment, labor
welfare, social reforms, national integration and rural and urban development.
Tertiary needs are development of mass media, transport, tourism,
telecommunication, arts and cultural activities. (p. 34)
7.7. 1.
Local development
Local development is a process of
diversification and enhancement of economic and social activity on local scale
in a territory, by way of the mobilization and coordination of its material and
immaterial resources. This notion refers at once to a stance adopted towards
development issues, to a method for developing local territories, and to the
analysis framework for assessing its functioning (Greffe, 2002).
7.8 Population of
the Study
The
research population is limited to two prominent and most read newspapers in
Chattogram. So, the Dainik Azadi and the Dainik Purbokone were selected.
Meanwhile, the two newspapers have been chosen using the following criteria:
7.9 Ownership
Structure
The
two newspapers are owned by private individuals. It is expected that privately
owned newspapers should be fair and objective in their reportage.
7.10 Credibility
rating
The
two newspapers are adjudged to be credible, reliable and dependable by the
Journalists associations, Chattogram press club who have several times awarded
the two newspapers as the most widely read and circulated newspapers. Also, a
good number of Chattogram’s elites patronize the two newspapers as a result of
their fairness, objectivity and thoroughness in their reportage.
7.11 Profile of
the Sampled Newspaper
Sample
newspapers are top ranked newspaper of the city. Both the dailies belong to the
different capital ownership group. Similarly, being from the page makeup and
layout is almost similar in both newspapers that has allowed to analyze a
neutral ground to make a clear comparison (See Table 1)
Table
2:
Profile of the Dainik
Azadi and Dainik Purbokone at every edition
|
|||||||
Daily
|
Langu-age
|
Regular No. of pages
|
No. of black and white pages
|
No. of colored pages
|
Space per page (sq inch)
|
Width of the column
|
No. of supplementary
|
Dainik Azadi
|
Bengali
|
12
|
8
|
4
|
287
|
1.75”
|
0
|
Dainik Purbokone
|
Bengali
|
12
|
8
|
4
|
287
|
1.75”
|
0
|
The
Dainik Azadi is chosen to represent as one the most extensively read Bengali newspaper
in the city. The Dainik Azadi meaning "Freedom" is the most
circulated newspaper in Chattogram. (It was not possible to know the accurate
figure of circulation ranked of local newspaper in Chattogram. But it is known from
the conversations with the newspaper agents, hawkers and readers among the
local newspapers, Azadi is the most widely circulated daily among the local
newspaper). The online portal of the Dainik Azadi is considered as the widely
visited by local population of Chattogram.
On the other hand, The Dainik Purbokone is
another the top circulated daily in the city. The Online version of the Dainik Purbokone
with the epaper. Although the daily’s circulation is second less than to the
Dainik Azadi. The daily is among the popular press of Chattogram that has seen
as the most locality orientate newspaper because of its readership mainly local
citizenship of Chattogram.
CHAPTER 8
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
8.1 Findings
The
researcher analyzed the findings based on descriptive study. The findings show
that those two newspapers covered more items in front and back page, which
includes national, local, international, sports and religious. The graph below
(see Table 3) shows the comparison of items published in both the dailies Dainik
Azadi and Dainik Purbokone. The two newspapers were used to find news articles
on both page in 18 issues. 528 articles were found and extracted for analysis,
66 of which from both newspapers. It appears that The Dainik Azadi published 32
and Dainik Purbokone published 34 development news articles. The number
reflects the difference between the two newspapers.
Table 3:
Categories of news
Coverage in
The Dainik Azadi & Dainik Purbokone
|
||||||||
News Items
|
Azadi
|
Purbokone
|
||||||
Front page
|
Back page
|
Front
page
|
Back page
|
|||||
(fo)
|
(fe)
|
(fo)
|
(fe)
|
(fo)
|
(fe)
|
(fo)
|
(fe)
|
|
National
|
25
|
597.5
|
32
|
585.5
|
31
|
712.5
|
27
|
423
|
Local
|
56
|
1377
|
86
|
1377
|
64
|
1001.5
|
99
|
1287
|
International
|
3
|
137.5
|
3
|
46
|
5
|
50.5
|
9
|
177
|
LD
|
15
|
349
|
17
|
420.5
|
20
|
568.5
|
14
|
336
|
Sports
|
5
|
116.5
|
2
|
58
|
7
|
211
|
3
|
35.5
|
Religious
|
1
|
16
|
1
|
30
|
1
|
17
|
2
|
38
|
Total
|
105
|
2593.5
|
141
|
2517
|
128
|
2561
|
154
|
2297
|
Figure 1
represents the column graph of table 3 that shows the categories of
total news coverage of the Dainik Azadi and the Dainik Purbokone. It is found that,
the two-newspapers published local news event broadly. Comparatively, the
Dainik Purbokone covered more local news in both of front and back page than
the Dainik Azadi. It covered 163 items where Dainik Azadi published 142 news items
on local issues.
Those two
dailies covered national issues in second broadly. The Dainik Purbokone published
58 item and the Dainik Azadi covered it 57 items in both pages.
Publishing
the development issues of those two newspapers
was the third position but it was below hundred. The Dainik
Purbokone covered development news (34 items) more than the Dainik Azadi (32
items). And the Dainik Purbokone provide more development news item in front
page (20 item) rather than the Dainik Azadi (15 items).
They gave
more importance on some international, sport and religious event during
specific days in front and back page. Notably,
each newspaper has different pages on these
events.
Figure 1: Number of items
published in The Dainik Azadi & Dainik Purbokone.
Amount of covering
local development issues in regional newspapers
The
main objective of the research is to find the coverage of development stories
in local newspaper to address regional development issues. To find the result,
I divided the whole news stories into two criteria –nondevelopment and
development news. Then I used two variables of both criteria, number of news
article and length of article were looked at, and the results are presented in
Table 4.
Table 4:
Percentage of
development and nondevelopment news
|
||||||
Newspaper
|
Total news
|
Percentage of NDN
|
Percentage of DN
|
|||
(fo)
|
(fe)
|
(fo)
|
(fe)
|
(fo)
|
(fe)
|
|
Dainik Azadi
|
246
|
5110.5
|
86.99
|
84.94
|
13.01
|
15.06
|
Dainik Purbokone
|
282
|
4858
|
87.94
|
81.38
|
12.06
|
18.62
|
Among
the 528 sampled news articles from both newspapers, 66 (12.35 percent) of them were
categorized as development news while 446 (87.47 percent) as non-development
news. This number also indicates that the ratio of difference in development
and non-development news coverage significantly high. The percentage are 87.47
percent and 12.35 percent.
Covering Local Development
issues by The Dainik Azadi
The
Dainik Azadi is one of the top ranged newspapers in Chattogram. They published
246 news at front and back page. Comparatively the Dainik Azadi published more
news on back page than the first page, because of advertisements were occupied
many spaces on this page. Figure 2 in the following shows the percentage of
total news coverage of Dainik Azadi during the period of the study. Quantity of
publishing local news (all categories of news accept local development issues)
at Dainik Azadi was 58%, national issues 23%, local development issues 13%. It
gave less priority to sport news (3%), international 2%, and religious issues
1%.
Figure 2: Covering Local Development issues by
The Dainik Azadi
Covering
Development news by The Dainik Purbokone
The
Dainik Purbokone is one another top ranged newspapers in Chattogram. They
published 282 news at front and back page. Comparatively the Dainik Purbokone
also published more news on back page than the first page, because of
advertisements were occupied many spaces on this page. Figure 3 in the
following shows the percentage of total news coverage of Dainik Purbokone
during the period of the study. Quantity of publishing local news (all
categories of news accept local development issues) at Dainik Purbokone was
58%, national issues 21%, local development issues 12%. It gave less priority
to sport news (3%), international 5%, and religious issues 1%.
Figure 3: Covering Local Development issues by
The Dainik Purbokone
Categories of Local
Development issues in Dainik Azadi
Column
chart (figure 4) illustrates the categories of local development issues covered
by Dainik Azadi. It gave highest coverage on local infrastructure (12 out of 32
items). On the other hand, there was no coverage on the heath issues. It covers
7 items on business, 6 items on others. 5 items on tourism, 2 items on entertainment.
Figure 4: Categories
of Local Development issues in Dainik Azadi
Categories of Local Development issues
in Dainik Purbokone
Column
chart (figure 5) shows the categories of local development issues covered by
Dainik Purbokone. It gave highest coverage on local infrastructure and others
local development issues (9 out of 34 items). On the other hand, they gave less
coverage on environmental issues (3 out of 34 items). It covered 5 items on health,
and 4 items on business and tourism.
Figure
5: Categories of Local Development
issues in Dainik Purbokone
Table
5:
Treatment of development news in
both newspaper
|
||
|
|
Front
Page
|
Back
Page
|
Dainik
Azadi
|
46.88%
|
53.12%
|
Dainik
Purbokone
|
58.82%
|
41.18%
|
The percentage of providing
development news of both daily in front and back page are almost similar.
Dainik Azadi gave good coverage in front page rather than back page. They covered
46.88 percent of development news in front page and 53.12 percent development
news in back page of the total 32 number of development news.
But Dainik Purbokone presented their
development issues in front page are comparatively more than back page. They cover
58.82 percent development news in front page and 41.18 percent in back page of the
total 34 number of both pages.
Column chart (figure 6) illustrates, the
publication of development news, the Dainik Azadi gave priority of
infrastructure issue of whole development item. They provided 66.67% in front
page and 33.33% in back page of the total 12 items.
In the following figure, the Dainik
Azadi published more of development news in back page on business and tourism
issues. There percentage was 15.63 of total development item. This amount is
small in front page. There are 0% of tourism news and 6.25% in business item.
Figure
6: Treatment of Development news
categorically in both front and back page of Dainik Azadi
In the figure 7, the column chart shows the Purbokone
gave attention to
infrastructure issue of whole development item. They provide it 57.14% in front
page and 33.33% in back page of the total 12 items. On other hand, the Dainik Purbokone
published more of development news in back page on business and tourism issues.
There percentage were 15.63 of total 12 development item. This amount is small
in front page. There are 0% of tourism news and 6.25% in business item.
On the contrary, the Dainik Purbokone
covered all of environmental issue in their back page and the Dainik Purbokone
covered 66.67 percent in their front page and 33.33 percent in back page on
this issue.
Figure
7: Treatment of Development news
categorically in both front and back page of Purbokone
8.2 Discussion
The
goal of this study is to find out of tendency of covering development issues in
local newspapers in Chattogram based on local development perspective. I chose
two popular daily local newspapers to find it. These two dailies are Dainik
Azadi and Dainik Purbokone is the most popular newspapers in Chattogram. Based
on the results from content analysis, the two papers did not cover more
development news like others daily events. They covered development issues
below 15 percent of total news coverage. The Dainik Azadi covered 13.01 percent
development news rather than 12.06 percent development news of The Dainik
Purbokone.
Regarding
appearance of 100 percent of development news item, both of daily newspaper
were gave significant importance of infrastructural development item more than
other development issues. But the Dainik Azadi covered this item more than
Dainik Purbokone. The Azadi provided this development item 37.5 percent of
whole development news of them. This figurer are 11.03 percent more than 26.47
percent of the Dainik Purbokone.
The
Dainik Purbokone covered second importantly on development news to focusing on
health and businesses. Emphasizing the importance of health, they covered
crisis of the health sector importance of the publics as the local perspective
in Chattogram. They published 14.71 percent on this issue while development
news of them. But the Dainik Azadi
wasn’t provide any development issues on the health.
Latter
business issues got important as second ordered by Dainik Azadi. They covered
21.88 percent on this item. The Purbokone is also another second important
issue on this issue. They provide 14.71 percent coverage of business while
their development issues. The Dainik
Azadi covered 7.17 percent more than the Dainik Purbokone.
Tourism
is important sector of the Bangladeshi economy. Chattogram is one of the main
keys of this sector. These two dailies covered tourism news item significantly.
The Dainik Azadi 15.63 percent tourism of development and the Dainik Purbokone
covered it 11.76 percent while their development item. The Dainik Azadi provide
3.87 percent more tourism item from the Dainik Purbokone.
The
Dainik Purbokone covered 2.57 percent more environmental news item from Dainik
Azadi of total percent 6.25. These figure of the Dainik Purbokone is 8.82
percent.
CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
9.1 Conclusion
Media is
the important organ of a country. They play a crucial role in shaping the development
process related to the public. They also shape the development issues towards
the regional development of a city or community like a whole country.
Local
newspapers in Chattogram covered development news significantly to identify
regional development in this region. It
is clearly evident that they set specific agendas on combating changes,
conferences and seminars, impact of changes, issues of compensation and local
and regional development on our selective issues. Both local dailies attempted
to link the regional infrastructural, health, business, tourism
and environmental issues with the local development. In addition, news reports
are identified key stakeholders who in various capacities and at different
stages influence the setting process. It was implied that print media in
Chattogram is powerful enough to interpret development issues and influence
policies, which among other issues set local perspective.
Media
specially internet has been used by various public service organizations and
N.G.O.s to inform people about the objectives of all schemes implemented by
them for growth and development in local community and also to make them aware
of various initiatives on the part of the government as well as non-government
organizations for social upliftment. Local people can access required
information and by using them they can move forward. In order to accelerate local development, it
is essential that people learn new ways of integrating social and human
infrastructure development into installation of basic information and
communications infrastructure.
Also,
it is true that if people want to penetrate the message of development among
the rural masses they would have to opt for the folk forms of this country in
more planned manner and media can play a vital role in this region.
The
overall study points out that a significant difference exists between the
amount of DN and NDN. The Dainik Azadi covered non-development news is 73.98%
higher than the development news. On other hand, the figure of non-development
news of Dainik Purbokone is 69.77% higher than development news.
However,
the variety that The Dainik Azadi provides through coverage of several
developmental news cannot be overlooked. Infrastructural, Health, Business,
Tourism and Environmental news – total 32 item development were covered by The
Dainik Azadi.
This
categorization in the present study I found that the infrastructural news got
highest coverage among local developments issues (37.5%) covered by Dainik
Azadi. Than business the second highest coverage (21.88%) of this Daily. Latter
tourism (15.63%) and environment (6.25%) also the third and the fourth in
parallelly of the development of Dainik Azadi. This newspaper can’t coverage on
health item of development issue.
On
the other hand, the particularly that The Dainik Purbokone provides through
coverage of several developmental news cannot be overlooked. Infrastructural,
Health, Business, Tourism and Environmental news – total 34 item development
were covered by The Dainik Purbokone.
I
found that the infrastructural news got highest coverage among local
developments issues covered by Dainik Purbokone. It covered 26.47% of total
coverage of development news. Than the second highest coverage is business
(14.70%). Than health and tourism (11.76%) issues got third position in
jointly. Latter Tourism (11.76%) is fourth and Environment (8.82%) fifth stage
coverage of the development items of Dainik Purbokone.
Surprisingly,
it was seen, that the NDN are quite higher in percentage than DN items and the
statistical analysis shows the difference is significant enough. Although two
daily newspaper has no direct control or not advocated over the development
news item, development news draws our attention because Dainik Purbokone
publishes a separate supplement specially of development news item on their
anniversary on February 10-12, which are advocated and guidance and it is
expected that the amount of developmental news will be greater than or at least
equal in amount as predicted in our hypothesis.
9.2 Acknowledgement
The researcher
declares no conflict of interest. The study also has one limitation when it
comes to confirming that newspapers in national to cover other types of news as
much as local development news because they have unlimited publishing spaces
and flexible publishing times on their newspaper. The findings in this study
illustrate that although development news is covered more than non-development
ones, the ratio of difference is relatively small at 13.01 and 12.06 percent to
86.94 and 87.94 percent.
Unfortunately,
this study’s content analysis methodology fails to collect data that prove
online nature of newspapers having a role in balancing out development and
non-development news coverage. Future studies are suggested to employ an
in-depth interview with the editors of both newspapers as an additional method
in order to acquire more informing data in understanding the relationship
between online journalism and development news coverage.
CHAPTER 10
TIME AND BUDGET
10.1 Time
The
researcher took around 8 months to completed the project work.
10.2 Budget
This study conducts for academic
perspective. So, no money was not taken from any organization or sponsor. But 6500tk
were cost for completing this research which will bear itself. Which are 800tk
more than the proposal.
Table
6:
Total cost of
the research
|
||
Sl
|
Cost
|
Taka
|
1.
|
Transportation
|
500
|
2.
|
Food
|
200
|
3.
|
Paper
bill
|
600
|
4.
|
Printing
|
4000
|
5.
|
Internet
bill
|
1500
|
6.
|
Binding,
CD burning
|
3000
|
7.
|
Extra
cost including photocopies
|
2500
|
Total
|
12300
|
|
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APPENDIX
মন্তব্যসমূহ
একটি মন্তব্য পোস্ট করুন